The Complex Role of Neurotransmitters in Parkinson’s

"Resilience is accepting your new reality, even if it's less good than the one you had before." Elizabeth Edwards "Health is wholeness and balance, an inner resilience that allows you to meet the demands of living without being overwhelmed." Andrew Weil Introduction: The goal is to review the role(s) played by dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine (also …

Six Pillars of Parkinson’s

"In all human affairs there are efforts, and there are results, and the strength of the effort is the measure of the result." James Allen "Storms make trees take deeper roots." Dolly Parton Introduction: In the presence of Parkinson's, each person encounters a different invader that can progress very slowly or evolves quickly. Symptoms expressed are …

Update on Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) for the Treatment of Parkinson’s

"To the sick, while there is life there is hope. [Lat., Aegroto dum anima est, spes est.]" Marcus Tullius Cicero "We can’t live without hope. When we keep hoping, we keep living." Pete Wilson Introduction: Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA*) is a naturally occurring bioactive lipid that contains a fatty acid moiety and ethanolamide. The molecular formula of …

Rehabilitation Therapy in Parkinson’s

"What you do today can improve all your tomorrows." Ralph Marston "One who gains strength by overcoming obstacles possesses the only strength which can overcome adversity." Albert Schweitzer Introduction: In 2015, I wrote a blog post entitled "Physicians in the Constellation of Care" (click here to read it). The topic was about the importance of …

Effect of Posture and Motility on Drug Availability in the Human Stomach

"The good thing about science is that it's true whether or not you believe in it." Neil deGrasse Tyson "Imagination is more important than knowledge." Albert Einstein Introduction:  Taking something by mouth is a common and relatively easy way to administer a drug. By contrast, when you carefully consider the route, it is a more complex …

Golfer’s Elbow (Medial Epicondylitis)

"You swing your best when you have the fewest things to think about." Bobby Jones "Through years of experience I have found that air offers less resistance than dirt." Jack Nicklaus Introduction: If you have read this blog any time, you know how much I love the game of golf. It is a fun sport …

Sudden Unexpected Death in Parkinson’s (SUDPAR)

"We don't see things as they are, we see them as we are." Anais Nin "The true mystery of the world is the visible, not the invisible." Oscar Wilde Introduction: I have been reading and learning about the "normal heart" in Parkinson's, ultimately trying to better understand the autonomic nervous system. While reading, I ran …

Exercise and Neuroprotection in Human Parkinson’s: The Long and Winding Road

"It is exercise alone that supports the spirits, and keeps the mind in vigor." Marcus Tullius Cicero "Lack of activity destroys the good condition of every human being." Plato Introduction: I have been convinced for a while that exercise is medicine. This blog post summarizes two publications: Crotty, Grace F., and Michael A. Schwarzschild. "Chasing …

The Aging Immune System and Parkinson’s

"Come grow old with me. The best is yet to be." William Wordsworth "As long as I am breathing, in my eyes, I am just beginning." Criss Jami Introduction: Recently, an exciting and in-depth review article about inflammation and the immune system and their dysfunction in the pathway of Parkinson's was published. The citation for …

Fifteen Myths and Common Misconceptions About Parkinson’s

"A myth is a lie that conveys a truth." C.S. Lewis "Myths are made for the imagination to breath life into them." Albert Camus Introduction: Parkinson's is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. Thus, Parkinson's occurs relatively frequently in adults. Unfortunately, it can be a complex disorder for physicians to make a proper diagnosis, and it …